תשתיות תת קרקעיות

זה נשמע אולי מוזר, אבל רוב השירותים המודרניים שהופכים את החיים שלנו לחיים כל כך קלים ונוחים בעידן החדש, מגיעים אלינו מתחת לאדמה. האור בחדר, הטלוויזיה, המחשב, הטלפון, המים שאנחנו שותים ועוד אינספור אלמנטים שהופכים את החיים שלנו למודרניים, כולם מבוססים על תשתיות תת קרקעיות שאנחנו כלל לא נתקלים בהן ביום יום וחלקנו אולי כלל לא מודעים לעצם קיומם. מהן אותן תשתיות הקבורות מתחת לאדמה ומדוע חשוב לדעת על קיומן ועוד יותר מכך, על מיקומן, כאשר מבקשים לחפור בקרקע?

מהן התשתיות התת קרקעיות המשרתות את האדם בעידן המודרני?

אם תחשבו על זה לרגע, חלק ניכר מהפעולות שאנו מבצעים במהלך היום וחלק ניכר מהשירותים שמעניקים לנו את חיי הרווחה המודרני, מבוססים כולם על חשמל, תקשורת ומים. ללא חשמל, החיים שלנו היו חוזרים פחות או יותר לעידן האבן, ללא תקשורת היינו חוזרים מאה שנים אחורה וללא מים אולי לא היינו כלל קיימים. כל אלה מגיעים בעידן המודרני, לכל בית ובית בישראל ובעולם וזאת בזכות תשתיות תת קרקעיות שאנחנו לא מבחינים בהן אבל הן ממש שם מתחת לרגליים שלנו.

תשתיות תת קרקעיות אלה כוללות את תשתית החשמל, תשתית התקשורת, תשתית המים, תשתית הביוב ותשתית הגז. עבור כל סוג כזה של תשתית יכולים לעבור מתחת לאדמה מספר ערוצים שונים המסופקים על ידי חברות שונות כמו למשל חברות טלפון וחברות כבלים המספקות לנו שתיהן תשתיות תקשורת, אבל לייעודים ומטרות שונות.

היכן ממוקמות תשתיות תת קרקעיות?

תשתיות תת קרקעיות אינן תופסות שטח רב ביחס למרחב וביחס לערך שהן מספקות לנו, אבל כאשר אנו מבקשים לחפור בקרקע, יש סיכוי טוב שנפגוש בהן ולמעשה נפגע בהן, ולכן חשוב מאוד לאתר את התשתיות ולמפות אותן לפני שמבצעים כל חפירה. תשתיות תת קרקעיות נמצאות בתווך שבין כל בית לבין המקור שממנו מגיע אלינו הגורם התשתיתי. אפשר לדמות את פרישת התשתיות לענפי עץ כשהגזע נמצא היכן שהוא במרחב הבינעירוני, הענפים מתפזרים בין השכונות במרחב העירוני והענפים הקטנים מתפזרים בין מרכזים שכונתיים ובין הבתים השונים.

העניין הוא שאם אנו מעוניינים לחפור בתוך אדמה, אנחנו לא יכולים להסתמך על תיאור זה ואנו חייבים להשיג מפה שמתעדת את הנתיבים המדויקים בהן עוברות התשתיות השונות. לרוב מפות אלה לא תהיינה עדכניות לחלוטין, ולכן חשוב לבצע תהליך שנקרא איתור תשתיות במהלכו נבדק המיקום המדויק של התשתיות בתוך הקרקע בזמן אמת.

באיזה עומק קבורות התשתיות התת קרקעיות?

מן הסתם, לא כל חפירת ערוגה דורשת מיפוי של התשתיות התת קרקעיות, שכן תשתיות אלה קבורות עמוק באדמה ועומקן יכול להגיע גם לשלושה, ארבעה, חמישה ויותר מטרים. יחד עם זאת, בכל חפירה שעומקה מעל 75 ס"מ יש לבצע מיפוי של התשתיות התת קרקעיות על מנת להימנע ממצב של פגיעה באחת התשתיות במהלך החפירה. רוב התשתיות תהיינה קבורות עמוק יותר, אך לא כולן המה גם שכאשר אנו עושים שימוש בציוד מכני כבד, הסטייה מ-75 ס"מ למטר וחצי יכולה להתרחש מבלי שנשים כלל לב או שנרגיש שירדנו יותר מדי לעומק.

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